President Trump Imposes Sanctions against Iran

The Trump administration issued a new Executive Order (the “New Iran E.O.”) imposing certain U.S. sanctions against Iran, effective August 7, 2018.

Consistent with President Trump’s May 8 announcement ending U.S. participation in the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (Iran nuclear deal), the New Iran E.O. restores sanctions related to, among other things: (i) the Iranian government’s purchase or acquisition of U.S. dollars; (ii) Iran’s trade in gold and precious metals; (iii) the sale, supply or transfer to or from Iran of graphite, raw or semi-finished metals, and software for integrating industrial processes; (iv) significant transactions related to Iran’s national currency, the rial, and the maintenance of significant funds or accounts outside the territory of Iran denominated in the Iranian rial; (v) the purchase, subscription to, or facilitation of the issuance of Iranian sovereign debt; and (vi) Iran’s automotive sector.

In addition, certain wind-down authorizations expired at 11:59 p.m., EDT, on August 6, 2018, namely, those related to (i) the importation into the United States of Iranian-origin carpets and foodstuffs; (ii) activities related to the export or reexport to Iran of commercial passenger aircraft and related parts and services; and (iii) activities undertaken pursuant to General License I that relating to contingent contracts for activities related to passenger aircraft-related licensing.

In connection with the above, the U.S. Treasury Department Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”) issued FAQs regarding the New Iran E.O., and updated certain existing Iran sanctions-related FAQs.

 

CFTC Chair Evaluates Challenges Facing Derivatives Market

CFTC Chair J. Christopher Giancarlo assessed the challenges facing the CFTC and the United States in the global competition as a center for the derivatives markets. In an address at the West Texas Legislative Summit, Mr. Giancarlo warned that the CFTC must be proactive if the United States is to retain its preeminent position in the global financial markets.

Mr. Giancarlo described the significance of the commodity derivatives market and its impact on pricing. He pointed out that even those who do not participate in such markets are still affected and that 90 percent of companies in the Fortune 500 use derivatives to hedge. He highlighted the challenge of global competition, particularly China’s domestic futures market, specifically alluding to the country’s recent opening to international participation, which has “competitive implications” for the United States. To maintain “world leadership,” he said, it is urgent that derivatives markets in the United States maintain “openness, orderliness, and liquidity” to sustain global economic leadership.

Mr. Giancarlo emphasized the importance of establishing a regulatory framework that is “ahead of the curve,” and advocated for the “SMART-REG” approach he first outlined in 2014. This approach, he said, is intended to “solve problems – real problems, not invented ones.”

Mr. Giancarlo asserted that under his leadership, the CFTC has “emphasized greater care and precision in rule drafting, more thorough econometric analysis, and a reduced docket of new rules and regulations to be absorbed by market participants.”

Lofchie Comment: Chairman Giancarlo went beyond a discussion of the derivatives markets to discuss the underlying commodities markets. In explaining the success of the shale revolution in the United States, he described a “combination of American technological innovation, North American geology, U.S. property law, the skilled and entrepreneurial American workforce and our dynamic capitalist economy.” Chairman Giancarlo continues to be a voice of clarity and an educator in an often confused debate about the value of markets and the limits of governments as providers of services and products.

It is not so long ago that the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics collapsed in economic failure. That collapse seemed as if it would put an end to any debate as to the benefits of government ownership of the means of production. But today that debate is revived, or at least there are new advocates for it. To the extent that these advocates are taken seriously, it is important that advocates for private enterprise and for market competition not be shy to point out successes, face criticisms and to make comparisons as to the successes of different systems.

UK-US Financial Regulation: The Benefits of Greater Coherence

“UK-US Financial Regulation: The Benefits of Greater Coherence” illustrates the importance of “regulatory coherence” across borders.

Authors Ike Brannon, Bob Jennings, and Julie Chon delve into the longstanding and seminal UK and US relationship from a financial regulatory perspective.  They examine pathways to deepen and formalize cooperation with the aim to strengthen the international financial system.

As always, comments, critique, complement, or alternative thoughts are eagerly sought.

View the paper.
http://www.centerforfinancialstability.org/research/US_UK_Regulatory_Coherence.pdf

Fed Balance Sheet Since 1914

Kurt Schuler (CFS senior fellow in financial history) and students of Steve Hanke (CFS special counselor) converted the Fed’s weekly balance sheet from its beginning into spreadsheet form.

The data should prove useful for anyone concerned with the quantitative study of monetary policy in the United States over the last 100+ years.

Our joint Johns Hopkins / CFS working paper, “The Federal Reserve System’s Weekly Balance Sheet since 1914,” is available here.

Accompanying Spreadsheets

Similarly, Bank of England’s Ryland Thomas informs of an improved balance sheet dataset for the Bank and new paper “The Bank of England as lender of last resort: new historical evidence from daily transactional data.”